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| [PHOTO: Jorge Mejía Peralta/CC BY 2.0] |
Washington: A new World Bank report released yesterday found that Latin
America and the Caribbean registered a 50 percent jump in the number of people
joining the middle class during the last decade, which was called by economists
an historic achievement for a region long riven by wealth inequality.
The report, called “Economic Mobility and the Rise of the
Latin American Middle Class’’, found that the middle class in the region grew
to an estimated 152 million in 2009, compared to 103 million in 2003, an
increase of 50 percent.
“The recent experience of Latin America and the Caribbean
shows the world that policies balancing economic growth while still expanding
opportunities for the most vulnerable can spread prosperity to millions of
people,” said World Bank President Jim Yong Kim. “Governments in Latin America
and the Caribbean still need to do much more – one third of the population is
still in poverty – but we should celebrate this achievement of growing the
middle class and learn from it.”
For decades, poverty reduction and middle class growth in
the Latin America and Caribbean region (LAC) crept along at a very slow pace,
as low growth and stubborn inequality held back progress. Over the last ten
years, however, the region’s fortunes improved dramatically due to changes in
government policies that emphasized the delivery of social programs alongside economic
stability.
The end result: The middle class grew by a half to include
30 percent of the region’s population in 2009. Among the highest achievers were
Brazil, which comprised about 40 percent of the region’s middle class growth;
Colombia, where 54 percent of people improved their economic status between
1992 and 2008; and Mexico, which had 17 percent of its population join the
middle class between 2000 and 2010.
Today, the middle class and the poor in Latin America
account for roughly the same share of the population, according to the report.
The report found that some of the key factors favoring the
upward mobility in Latin America were higher levels of education among workers;
higher employment in the formal sector; more people living in urban areas; more
women in the labor force; and smaller families. The report defined middle class
in income terms of anyone making between US$10 and $50 per day. This level of
income provides an increased resilience to unexpected events and reflects a
lower probability of falling back into poverty.
The report, however, also described a fourth, vulnerable
class, which underscored the need for countries to do much more to increase
shared prosperity. Members of this vulnerable class, representing 38 percent of
the population, fared better income-wise than the poor, but lacked the economic
security of the middle class. Sandwiched between the two, the vulnerable class
makes between US$4 and US10 per capita, per day.
The report also determined that, with the exception of years
of schooling, intergeneration mobility remains limited. A young person’s
parents’ economic and social background still plays a substantial a role in
determining that person’s economic future.
This may change, however, according to Augusto de la Torre,
Chief Economist for Latin America and the Caribbean at the World Bank. “A
society with a growing middle class is more likely to reduce such
inequalities,” he said. “It is widely
recognized that the middle class is an agent of stability and prosperity. For a
middle-income region such as Latin America’s, a larger middle class has
crucial* implications.”
Around the world, a larger middle class can mean better
governance, deeper credit markets, and greater spending in social sectors, such
as public health and education. But this promise has not yet been fully
realized for Latin America, explained the authors of the report. They cited
historical reasons for that.
In the second half of the 20th century, the region’s small
upper and middle classes had limited commitments to and expectations from their
government; they were not asked to pay much in taxes and did not expect to
receive much from public services. As a result the state was typically small
and the middle class tended to opt out of public services, paying privately
even for core services such as electricity and security.
While this picture has been changing in the past 10 to 20
years, the region’s fragmented social contract often keeps the middle class
opting out, and unwilling to contribute to the public purse. This in turn
reduces the opportunities for those who remain poor to join the recent entrants
into the middle class.
The report identifies three strategies which governments
could employ to gain the support of the middle class for a fairer and more
legitimate social contract:
- Explicitly incorporate the goal of equal opportunities into public policy to break the perception that the system is rigged in favor of the most privileged.
- Embark on a second generation of reforms to the social protection system -- including both social assistance and social insurance -- to overcome fragmentation and thus enhance fairness and efficiency.
- Break the vicious cycle of low taxation and low quality of public services by investing some of the region’s commodity windfall to improve the quality of public services, service and administration
This social policy debate on how to achieve greater buy-in
from the wealthier segments of society is likely to remain a key topic in Latin
America for the foreseeable future. To drive such discussion, the report
concluded that the right set of reforms will results in the middle class
becoming an increasingly powerful agent of change to expand prosperity to those
left behind.